What does this research mean for the field?

The liver of swan geese consists of two undivided lobes with a hepatic parenchyma composed of hepatocytes arranged in two-cell thicknesses that appear as tubules surrounded by bile canaliculi in transverse section. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.INCREMENTAL. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

The aim is to investigate the morphological and histological characteristics of the liver in swan geese.

June 21, 2026Open Access

Histomorphological investigation of the liver of swan geese

FSFatima SaadUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah IDIman Ibrahim DleUniversity of Al-Qadisiyah

Key Points

The aim is to investigate the morphological and histological characteristics of the liver in swan geese.
Performed histomorphological analysis on 20 adult swan geese (10 males, 10 females).
Examined liver morphology, including lobe structure and histological arrangements of hepatocytes.
Identified connective tissue elements associated with intrahepatic vascular structures.
Liver is situated in the hepatoperitoneal cavities with right lobe penetrated by caudal vena cava.
Histological examination reveals hepatocytes arranged in two-cell thick formations around hepatic sinusoids.
Gall bladder is dark green, ovoid, with a direct connection to the right lobe's visceral surface.

Abstract

The morphological and histological research on the liver was carried out on twenty (20) adult swan geese, ten (10) of which were male and ten (10) of which were female. The study was performed on twenty (20) adult swan geese. According to the morphological findings, the livers of both male and female geese are placed in the right and left hepatoperitoneal cavities, respectively. According to the morphological findings, the livers of both male and female geese are placed in the right and left hepatoperitoneal cavities, respectively. The liver in this bird is situated in a huge space in the abdomen. It is pointed cranially and toward the center of the thoracic and rib regions, and it has a hue that is somewhere between red and brown. The liver consists of two undivided lobes, the right and the left, as well as two surfaces, the parietal and the visceral surface, and many processes can also be seen. Additionally, the liver has two borders, the dorsal and the ventral, and a cardiac notch can be found on the dorsal border. The right lobe of the liver is also penetrated by the caudal vena cava. The gall bladder is an ovoid-shaped sac that is dark green in color and is located in a deep cystic fossa. It is linked to the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver and does not have a neck. Histological results have revealed that the liver is composed of hepatocytes arranged as two-cell thicknesses between the hepatic sinusoids, which are bound by the bile canaliculus. The intralobular duct is lined by simple cuboidal epithelial cells, also extending within the organ septa of connective tissue that contains branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein, and the interlobular bile duct is lined by simple columnar epithelial cells. Conclusion The hepatic parenchyma of swan geese looks like two-cell-thick hepatocytes when viewed in longitudinal section, but when viewed transversely, it appears as tubules containing hepatocytes that are surrounded by bile canaliculi.

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