Concrete structures exposed to fire undergo substantial deterioration in mechanical properties, durability, and structural integrity due to dehydration, microcracking, spalling, and microstructural damage. Simultaneously, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), silica fume (SF), metakaolin (MK), palm oil fuel ash (POFA), and other pozzolanic materials, are increasingly incorporated into concrete to improve sustainability and engineering performance. However, the fire performance of SCM-blended concrete remains highly variable because of differences in SCM type, replacement level, exposure temperature, heating duration, and cooling conditions. This study presents a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of experimental investigations published between 1990 and 2026, following the PRISMA 2020 framework. A total of 110 studies were critically analyzed with respect to residual compressive strength, weight loss, cracking, spalling, durability characteristics, and microstructural evolution after exposure to temperatures between 100 °C and 1000 °C. The findings identified three temperature-dependent deterioration regimes: strength-retention (≤400 °C), transition (400–600 °C), and degradation-dominant (>600 °C). FA- and GGBFS-blended concretes generally exhibited 10–25% higher residual compressive strength than ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete at elevated temperatures and showed lower susceptibility to cracking and spalling. In contrast, SF- and MK-containing concretes often experienced accelerated deterioration due to dense pore structures and increased vapor-pressure buildup. The analysis further indicates that FA replacement levels of 30–50% and GGBFS replacement levels of 20–50% provide the most effective balance between sustainability and fire resistance.
Esan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.