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This review aims to analyze the seismic performance and failure modes of masonry buildings in Nepal, especially following major earthquakes.

June 21, 2026Discover Civil EngineeringOpen Access

Seismic vulnerability and failure typology of masonry buildings in Nepal: a review

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Review examines earthquake impacts on masonry buildings in Nepal, highlighting construction quality and safety implications.

This review aims to analyze the seismic performance and failure modes of masonry buildings in Nepal, especially following major earthquakes.
Synthesis of post-earthquake reconnaissance reports and research articles from the 2015 Gorkha and 2023 Jajarkot earthquakes.
Categorization of observed damage into four types: in-plane, out-of-plane, connection/interface, and building collapse.
Discussion on construction practices, material properties, and structural design in relation to seismic resilience.
Severely damaged buildings mostly lacked seismic reinforcing features like horizontal bands and corner reinforcements.
Buildings with improved detailing showed significantly less structural damage compared to conventional designs.
The findings emphasize the need for enforcing seismic design standards to enhance construction practices in rural Nepal.

Bohara et al. (2026) studied this question.

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