Recent years have witnessed growing concerns about the privacy of sensitive data. In response to these concerns, differential privacy has emerged as a rigorous framework for privacy protection, gaining widespread recognition in both academic and industrial domains. While substantial progress has been made in private data analysis, existing methods often suffer from impracticality or a significant loss of statistical efficiency. This article aims to alleviate these concerns in the context of hypothesis testing by introducing differentially private permutation tests. The proposed framework extends classical non-private permutation tests to private settings, maintaining both finite-sample validity and differential privacy in a rigorous manner. The power of the proposed test depends on the choice of a test statistic, and we establish general conditions for consistency and non-asymptotic uniform power. To demonstrate the utility and practicality of our framework, we focus on reproducing kernel-based test statistics and introduce differentially private kernel tests for two-sample and independence testing: dpMMD and dpHSIC. The proposed kernel tests are straightforward to implement, applicable to various types of data, and attain minimax optimal power across different privacy regimes. Our empirical evaluations further highlight their competitive power under various synthetic and real-world scenarios, emphasizing their practical value. The code is publicly available to facilitate the implementation of our framework. Supplementary materials for this article are available online, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.
Kim et al. (Mon,) studied this question.