In silico investigation of Panchagavya Ghrita’s anticancer potential against glioblastoma: a network pharmacology and molecular docking study

Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor, characterized by rapid progression, marked heterogeneity, and resistance to standard therapies. The complexity of its oncogenic networks necessitates multi-target therapeutic strategies. Panchagavya Ghrita (PG), a traditional Ayurvedic formulation containing diverse bioactive constituents with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, has not been systematically explored for GBM.Research design and methods GC–MS identified PG compounds were evaluated for drug-likeness using SwissADME. Predicted targets were intersected with GBM-associated genes to identify common targets, which were subjected to functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction analyses. Key hub targets were prioritized, and molecular docking was performed using CB-Dock2. Expression patterns and prognostic relevance were assessed using GEPIA and the Human Protein Atlas.Results All evaluated compounds met drug-likeness criteria. Network analysis identified 10 hub targets enriched in GBM-relevant pathways, including PI3K–AKT, HIF-1, EGFR-related signaling, and apoptosis regulation. Docking analyses demonstrated favorable interactions between PG bioactives and multiple hub proteins. Expression analyses confirmed dysregulation of several hubs in GBM, with CASP3 showing significant survival association.Conclusions This integrative in silico analysis suggests that PG contains multi-target bioactive molecules capable of modulating critical GBM-associated pathways, providing a rationale for further experimental validation.