Morphometric Analysis of Dry Adult Human Mandible and Its Significance in the Establishment of Sexual Dimorphism: A Cross-sectional Study

broader, taller, and more angular mandibles. 5Females, in contrast, tend to retain smoother contours and exhibit a relatively reduced mandibular projection.These structural differences are observable through both morphometric (quantifiable measurements) and morphological (visual and qualitative) assessments. 5mong the commonly studied parameters of the mandible, features such as bigonial breadth, gonial angle, ramus height, mandibular body length, symphyseal height, mental eminence, and chin shape have demonstrated diagnostic value in sex estimation. 6Several of these traits are under the influence of functional demands, particularly mastication, which contributes to bone remodeling and muscle attachment patterns.This functional IntroductIonIdentification of human skeletal remains constitutes a fundamental aspect of forensic anthropology and legal medicine.It serves as a crucial step in establishing the biological profile of unidentified individuals, particularly in contexts such as mass disasters, genocides, military conflicts, aviation accidents, and cases of advanced decomposition or skeletal dismemberment. 1 Among the biological parameters routinely assessed-sex, age, stature, and ancestry-sex determination is paramount, as it significantly narrows the scope of investigation and guides subsequent identification efforts. 2 In forensic analysis, the pelvis and skull are traditionally regarded as the most reliable bones for sex estimation.However, in cases where these elements are damaged, missing, or fragmented, other robust bones such as the mandible become critical. 3The mandible is the largest and strongest facial bone and exhibits considerable resistance to environmental degradation, burning, and mechanical trauma.Owing to its high preservation potential and clear sexual dimorphism, the mandible has garnered attention as a reliable alternative for sex estimation, particularly when found in isolation or with partial remains. 4exual dimorphism in the mandible is shaped by a complex interplay of genetic inheritance, hormonal influences-particularly androgens and estrogens-and biomechanical forces exerted through masticatory activity.