Mouse models to study von Willebrand factor in inflammation: a scoping review

BACKGROUND: VWF is released from activated endothelial cells and activated platelets in response to vascular injury, and is now recognized as an important contributor to a growing number of inflammatory conditions. This scoping review aims to identify and evaluate mouse models that have been used to study von Willebrand Factor (VWF) in the context of inflammation. Understanding the role of VWF in these models is crucial for selecting appropriate models and developing effective targeted treatments. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify studies using mouse models of inflammation from inception to October 2024. Two reviewers independently screened and extracted data on inflammation model methodology, organ outcomes, histological analyses, and biochemical changes if they pertain directly to VWF, or indirectly through ADAMTS13. RESULTS: 150 studies published between 2000 and 2024 met inclusion criteria; 25% utilized C57BL/6 mice, and 43% used only male mice. Most (63%) studies used acute inflammation models, and 56 (37%) studies induced inflammation chemically in mice. Most studies (75%) reported an increase in VWF antigen levels, while only 31% of studies reported an increase in VWF activity. Few studies (33%) have also highlighted the therapeutic potential of ADAMTS13 to significantly reduce inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: There is variability in the methods and outcomes in mouse models of inflammation. Future studies should consider the impact of methodology on VWF-related outcomes when using these models to study VWF-related processes and therapeutics.