Elevated premature ventricular complex counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram predict incident atrial fibrillation and heart failure—A prospective population-based cohort study

BackgroundPremature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are known to predict heart failure (HF) and premature atrial contractions (PACs) are known to predict atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. PVCs and PACs share pathophysiological mechanisms; however, the combined effects of PVCs and PACs on HF, AF, and stroke risk have not been studied.ObjectivesTo study elevated PVC counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram monitoring (24hECG) in relation to incidence of AF, HF, and stroke, and whether this effect is altered by PAC frequency.MethodsThe prospective population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study includes 24hECG registrations in 375 AF- and HF-free subjects (mean age 65 years, 55% women). During 17 years of follow-up there were 28 HF, 89 AF, and 28 stroke events. The hazard ratios (HR) of elevated PVC counts (defined as the top quartile, ≥77/24 hours) vs lower quartiles were assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox regression models.ResultsElevated PVC counts predicted incident AF (HR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.0) and HF (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4–7.0). Results were similar after adjustment for NT-proBNP and PACs. Multiform PVCs were associated with even higher risks (HR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6 for AF; HR 5.0, 95% CI 2.2–11.7 for HF), as was the presence of both elevated PACs and PVCs (9% of the population, HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4–6.8 for AF and HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.7–11.4 for HF). No significant association was found between elevated PVC counts and incident stroke.ConclusionElevated PVC counts predict incident AF and HF, particularly if PVCs are multiform or occur in combination with elevated PAC counts. Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are known to predict heart failure (HF) and premature atrial contractions (PACs) are known to predict atrial fibrillation (AF) and stroke. PVCs and PACs share pathophysiological mechanisms; however, the combined effects of PVCs and PACs on HF, AF, and stroke risk have not been studied. To study elevated PVC counts on 24-hour electrocardiogram monitoring (24hECG) in relation to incidence of AF, HF, and stroke, and whether this effect is altered by PAC frequency. The prospective population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer study includes 24hECG registrations in 375 AF- and HF-free subjects (mean age 65 years, 55% women). During 17 years of follow-up there were 28 HF, 89 AF, and 28 stroke events. The hazard ratios (HR) of elevated PVC counts (defined as the top quartile, ≥77/24 hours) vs lower quartiles were assessed using multivariable adjusted Cox regression models. Elevated PVC counts predicted incident AF (HR 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.0) and HF (HR 3.1, 95% CI 1.4–7.0). Results were similar after adjustment for NT-proBNP and PACs. Multiform PVCs were associated with even higher risks (HR 2.8, 95% CI: 1.7–4.6 for AF; HR 5.0, 95% CI 2.2–11.7 for HF), as was the presence of both elevated PACs and PVCs (9% of the population, HR 4.1, 95% CI 2.4–6.8 for AF and HR 4.3, 95% CI 1.7–11.4 for HF). No significant association was found between elevated PVC counts and incident stroke. Elevated PVC counts predict incident AF and HF, particularly if PVCs are multiform or occur in combination with elevated PAC counts.