Low-Carbon Economic Dispatch of Wind-Solar-Hydrogen Multienergy Supply Systems in Energy and Reserve Markets

The increasing integration of renewable energy (RE) introduces significant uncertainty, necessitating additional reserve capacity to balance generation fluctuations. Virtual power plants (VPPs) aggregate distributed resources to optimize joint energy and reserve scheduling, enhancing participation in electricity markets for profit. Existing studies often focus on energy or reserve scheduling separately, neglecting the joint optimization of energy and reserve markets alongside comprehensive economic and environmental evaluations of reserve trading models. This study introduces a low-carbon economic scheduling framework for a wind-solar-hydrogen integrated multienergy supply virtual power plant (WSH-MESVPP), participating in both energy and reserve service markets. This study develops a model to evaluate diverse reserve trading patterns and provide equipment-level optimization strategies. In annual simulations, case studies demonstrate that the proposed method improves the WSH-MESVPP’s economic performance by 9.32%, reduces carbon emissions by 4.85%, and increases renewable energy utilization by 4.9%. By identifying critical devices for upward/downward reserve scheduling and offering actionable recommendations, this research advances the coordinated management of multienergy systems in low-carbon power markets.