Retrospective detection and whole genome sequencing identify the first local case of Pigeon Rotavirus A infection in Taiwan from 2018

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Amplification of the (A) partial rotaviral NSP4 segment using non-group-specific primers and (B) the partial VP6 segment with avian rotavirus-specific primers from the lone detected local case.

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  Fig. 2. Cytopathic effect induced by the pigeon Rotavirus A isolate NPUST-001 infection in MARC-145 cell line. (A – uninfected control; B – Infected cells, 6 dpi 40×; C – Infected cells, 12 dpi 40×; D – Infected cells, 12 dpi 10×;).

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  Fig. 3. Transmission electron micrograph of the virus particles retrieved from the supernatant of infected MARC-145 cell culture.

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  Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis of the pigeon RVA clade based on VP6 gene sequences. The VP6 sequence obtained from this study was aligned with other sequences retrieved from NCBI using ClustalW. The tree was created using the Neighbor-joining method with bootstrap analysis of 1000 replications. Sequences belonging to genotypes I4 and I11 were marked with outer brackets, while the inner bracket identifies the lineage containing the Taiwan isolate NPUST-001 (marked with a red circle). The pRVA lineages shown as condensed branches were named similar to Rubbenstroth, et al.6. The lineages were labeled by the country and year of first detection, with the durations (years) of observation provided in parentheses.

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  Fig. 5. Phylogenetic analysis of the pigeon RVA clade based on (A) VP7 and (B) VP4 gene sequences. The VP7 and VP4 gene sequences obtained from this study were each aligned with other sequences retrieved from NCBI using ClustalW. The tree was created using the Neighbor-joining method with bootstrap analysis of 1000 replications. The corresponding genotypes of the sequences were marked with outer brackets, while Taiwan isolate NPUST-001 was marked with a red circle. Non-pRVA genotypes were shown as condensed branches.