Emerging Outbreak of Dengue Fever in Farm-based Region in Sultanate of Oman: Key Lesson Learnt from Implementation of Integrated Vector Control Strategies

Background: Dengue fever, caused by Aedes aegypti , is an emerging public health concern in Oman, with local transmission first identified in 2018. In 2023, Al Rawdha village, a farm-based community in North Sharqiya Governorate, experienced its first local outbreak. This study evaluated the effectiveness of integrated vector control measures and identified lessons for future prevention. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of the dengue outbreak in farm based setting. To assess changes in entomological indices, particularly breeding site positivity, before and after interventions. To evaluate effectiveness of integrated vector control measures in controlling outbreak. Material and Methods: Enhanced surveillance was initiated following the first confirmed local case in epidemiological week 31 of 2023. Weekly epidemiological and entomological surveys were conducted. Integrated vector control strategies included larval source reduction, targeted insecticide spraying, environmental management, and community engagement through multisectoral collaboration. Breeding site positivity and dengue incidence were monitored longitudinally. Results: Between weeks 31 and 47 of 2023, 30 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases were reported, all locally acquired. Initial spraying reduced breeding site positivity; however, a substantial and sustained reduction was achieved after comprehensive source reduction and intensified community engagement. Breeding site positivity declined from 87% to 18%, and no new cases were reported after week 47 through May 2025. Deployment of mosquito traps further supported ongoing vector monitoring and sustained low vector density. Conclusion: Integrated vector control, combining environmental measures with community engagement and multisectoral collaboration, effectively controlled the dengue outbreak in a farm-based setting. Early detection, rapid response, and continuous surveillance are critical to prevent re-emergence. These findings offer practical guidance for policymakers and public health practitioners managing dengue in similar contexts.