Bladder endometriosis: a current overview of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment approaches

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Urinary tract involvement is rare, occurring in approximately 1–2% of cases, with the bladder being the most frequently affected organ. Bladder endometriosis is often associated with deep infiltrative endometriosis and can lead to delays in diagnosis due to non-specific symptoms. In recent years, advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have increased diagnostic accuracy, and minimally invasive surgical methods have come to the forefront in treatment. This review presents the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and current treatment options of bladder endometriosis, along with a review of the literature.