Imaging of uncommon thoracic and abdominal fistulas: a review

Fistulas represent abnormal communications between two epithelialized surfaces, which can involve organs, vessels, or the skin. While common fistulas are frequently encountered, uncommon fistulas in the thoracic and abdominal cavities pose significant diagnostic challenges due to their varied etiologies and presentations. Imaging plays a pivotal role in the detection, characterization, and management planning of these complex entities. This pictorial review will explore the spectrum of uncommon thoracic and abdominal fistulas, emphasizing the crucial contributions of various imaging modalities. We will discuss etiological factors, characteristic imaging findings, and specific techniques that aid in accurate diagnosis, including illustrative cases.