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The development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has led to the emergence of a large number of Intelligent Sensing Devices (ISDs). Since their limited physical sizes constrain the battery capacity, wireless powered IoT networks assisted by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for energy transfer and data acquisition have attracted great interest. In this paper, we formulate an optimization problem to maximize system energy efficiency while satisfying the constraints of UAV mobility and safety, ISD quality of service and task completion time. The formulated problem is constructed as a Constrained Markov Decision Process (CMDP) model, and a Multi-agent Constrained Deep Reinforcement Learning (MCDRL) algorithm is proposed to learn the optimal UAV movement policy. In addition, an ISD-UAV connection assignment algorithm is designed to manage the connection in the UAV sensing range. Finally, performance evaluations and analysis based on real-world data demonstrate the superiority of our solution.
Ning et al. (Mon,) studied this question.