Complications and sequels of brucellosis in animals and humans (A brief review)

Brucellosis is a bacterial disease caused by Brucella species. These bacteria are small, non-motile, facultatively intracellular, aerobic, and Gram-negative coccobacilli. Their ability to replicate and survive within host cells is closely connected to their capacity to cause long-term illness and evade both innate and adaptive immune responses. It is a worldwide zoonotic disease that leads to significant economic losses in ruminant farming systems. There has been a notable rise in intra- and interspecific infection rates in recent years, mainly due to poor management and limited resources, especially in developing countries. Humans can become infected by consuming contaminated milk or through direct contact with infected animals. Clinically, it manifests as an undulant fever, often associated with chronic debilitating disease, along with various other symptoms. This review article examines the complications and aftereffects of brucellosis in both animals and humans. It also emphasizes the severity of these pathological outcomes of infection and aims to identify preventative strategies to reduce the incidence of both acute and chronic complications, lessen economic losses, and lower treatment costs.