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This research aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal changes of WASH services in Manipur from 2011 to 2018.

Spatial inequality and temporal dynamics of water sanitation and hygiene services in Manipur

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Examines changes in water, sanitation, and hygiene services in Manipur, highlighting disparities and implications for development.

This research aims to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal changes of WASH services in Manipur from 2011 to 2018.
Analyzed district-level data from the 2011 Census and NSSO 76th Round (2018) on WASH indicators.
Constructed a composite WASH index using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to assess multidimensional WASH conditions.
Applied Theil index for measuring inequality in water access and wastewater management.
Sanitation and hygiene indicators showed substantial improvements, achieving near-universal coverage.
Access to improved water supplies remained uneven; wastewater management revealed extremely high inequality.
Rank mobility analysis indicated significant reordering of district performance in WASH services over time.

Meitei et al. (2026) studied this question.

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