Measuring Supply Chain Performance in the Industry 4.0 Era

The measurement of supply chain performance has become increasingly complex due to the growing digitalisation of supply chain processes and the diffusion of Industry 4.0 technologies. Traditional performance measurement frameworks typically rely on multidimensional structures capturing efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility; however, many of these frameworks were developed in relatively stable operating environments and provide only fragmented insights into digitally enabled supply chains. This paper proposes an integrated conceptual framework for measuring supply chain performance by combining the Resources–Output–Flexibility (R–O–F) performance logic with the SCOR process architecture and introducing the notion of digital sensitivity to differentiate how performance indicators are mediated by digital technologies.