A Retinoid X Receptor Ligand-Based Borocaptate Conjugate with Enhanced Intracellular Boron Retention for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy requires sustained intracellular 10 B accumulation, yet the clinical standard, L -boronophenylalanine (BPA, 1 ), rapidly effluxes from cells. We explored an intracellular retention strategy by converting borocaptate (BSH, 2 ) into a nuclear receptor ligand-based conjugate to improve intracellular retention of boron delivery agents. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligand scaffolds were selected as a proof-of-concept platform because RXRs are broadly expressed and predominantly nuclear. The lead conjugate CBTF-BSH ( 3 ), designed from fluorescent RXR antagonist 5, showed greater intracellular boron retention than 1, consistent with reduced washout. Despite lower total intracellular boron accumulation than 1, 3 decreased colony formation of MCF7 human breast cancer cells after neutron irradiation without detectable RXR degradation. These results support RXR ligand-based conjugate design as a proof-of-concept strategy for improving intracellular boron retention and neutron-induced cytotoxicity, although tumor-selective delivery and the precise retention mechanism require further optimization.