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In this numerical study, the thermal management of a battery pack (BPK) consisting of 21 lithium-ion cells was analyzed using forced airflow in a chamber combined with nanofluid (NFs) circulation through a wavy channel. The transient temperature responses of the battery cells, air, and NFs were examined under varying operating conditions: air velocity (0.01–0.03 m/s), NFs velocity (0.01–0.04 m/s), and channel height (20–50 mm). Governing equations were solved using the finite element method in COMSOL. The results demonstrated that increasing the channel height from 20 mm to 50 mm reduced the maximum BPK temperature from 318.1 K to 312.4 K (28.5 % improvement in thermal rise) and the average temperature from 309.9 K to 305.8 K (35.3 % reduction). Enhancing air velocity from 0.01 to 0.03 m/s decreased the average temperature rise by 49 %, with the maximum and mean values reduced by 17 % and 10 %, respectively. By contrast, increasing NFs velocity from 0.01 to 0.04 m/s only lowered the maximum temperature by 1.46 K (8.3 %) and the mean by 2.76 K (25.9 %). Overall, channel height had the most significant impact on the peak temperature, while airflow was most effective in reducing the mean battery temperature, confirming the complementary role of air and NFs cooling strategies for efficient BPK thermal regulation.
Yuan et al. (Sat,) studied this question.