Diversity, Distribution and Status of Honey Bees (Apis spp.) in Jharkhand, India

Honey bees (Apis spp.) are among the most important pollinators, contributing significantly to ecosystem stability, agricultural productivity, and rural livelihoods. Jharkhand, a forest-rich state in eastern India, provides diverse habitats that support both wild and managed honey bee populations. This review synthesizes existing knowledge on the diversity, distribution, biology, and conservation status of honey bees in Jharkhand. Four major species, namely Apis dorsata, Apis cerana indica, Apis florea, and the introduced Apis mellifera, are reported from the region, each occupying distinct ecological niches and exhibiting varied nesting behaviors and foraging strategies. Their distribution is influenced by forest cover, floral diversity, climatic conditions, and anthropogenic activities. Seasonal migration, particularly in A. dorsata, and habitat-specific adaptations contribute to their ecological success.The review further highlights the critical role of honey bees in pollination of forest flora and agricultural crops, emphasizing their economic importance in apiculture and tribal livelihoods. However, increasing threats such as deforestation, pesticide exposure, diseases, parasites, and climate change are adversely affecting honey bee populations. The absence of systematic, long-term studies in Jharkhand limits a comprehensive understanding of population trends and conservation needs. This study identifies key research gaps, including the need for molecular characterization, pollination ecology studies, and climate impact assessments.A multi-pronged strategy integrating habitat conservation, sustainable apiculture, community participation, and policy support is essential for the conservation and management of honey bee diversity in Jharkhand. Strengthening research and monitoring frameworks will be crucial to ensure the long-term sustainability of these vital pollinators..