Vrana Ropana: An Ayurvedic and Modern Review of Wound Healing Mechanisms, Therapeutic Interventions, and Emerging Trends

Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological process that plays a vital role in restoring tissue structure and function after injury. This review presents an extensive discussion on the mechanisms, influencing factors, and therapeutic approaches associated with wound healing, particularly emphasizing chronic wounds and vulnerable patient groups. The major stages of wound healing—hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling—are explained along with the cellular and molecular activities regulated by platelets, immune cells, cytokines, and growth factors. Different factors affecting wound repair, including patient- related, local, and systemic conditions, are analyzed for their effects on healing efficiency. Various treatment strategies such as wound dressings, surgical interventions, and advanced therapies including stem cell and growth factor therapy are also reviewed. The management of chronic wounds is discussed with attention to the complexities involved and the importance of multidisciplinary care. Special populations, such as children, elderly individuals, and patients with conditions like diabetes and autoimmune disorders, are highlighted because of their distinctive healing responses and clinical requirements. Furthermore, the significance of biomaterials and tissue engineering in enhancing tissue repair and regeneration is explored, focusing on scaffolds, matrices, and bioactive substances. Future perspectives in wound healing research are also presented, including technological innovations, emerging therapeutic possibilities, and current challenges in improving wound care outcomes. This review offers valuable knowledge for healthcare professionals and researchers by underlining the importance of understanding wound healing mechanisms to improve patient management and recovery.