Energy performance indicators in a multi-year review of municipal systems in Goiás, Brazil

In recent decades, the world has faced successive energy crises that have highlighted the fragility of generation and distribution systems across both developing and advanced economies. Given this scenario, coupled with accelerated urbanisation, a review of urban energy consumption, generation and management systems is indispensable. The energy indicators defined in the Brazilian standard NBR ISO 37120, which addresses service performance and quality of life in cities, were analysed, focusing on the energy sustainability of municipalities in the Brazilian state of Goiás. Data from 2019 to 2023 were systematised, and critical and comparative analyses were performed to identify trends, regional inequalities and opportunities for improvement in municipal energy management. To enable visualisation and interpretation of results, an interactive tool was developed and implemented in Power BI, allowing public managers to understand the local energy landscape and support strategic decision making. This study contributes to strengthening energy planning capacities and to formulating more effective and sustainable public policies aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals.