What question did this study set out to answer?

To assess the availability of ISO 3712x standard indicators using open government data and evaluate spatial patterns of municipal smartness and sustainability.

September 17, 2026SustainabilityOpen Access

Indicators and Open Data for Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Study Across Brazilian Municipalities

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Authors

INIara Negreiros HTHarmi Takiya BBBruno Azuma Balzano

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Overview

Cross-sectional spatial analysis uncovers sharp regional disparities in smart city metrics across municipalities, highlighting significant open-data infrastructure gaps.

Key Points

To assess the availability of ISO 3712x standard indicators using open government data and evaluate spatial patterns of municipal smartness and sustainability.
Analyzed open government data across all 5,570 Brazilian municipalities against ISO 37120, 37122, 37123, and 37125 standards.
Developed a synthetic smart and sustainable cities index using Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Applied Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to detect spatial clustering patterns in municipal performance.
Only 22 of 302 ISO 3712x indicators (7.3%) possessed complete national coverage across all 5,570 municipalities, with 59 indicators available from open sources with data gaps.
LISA spatial analysis detected strong regional polarization, with high-performance clusters concentrated in the Southeast and South-Central regions and low-performance clusters spanning the North and Northeast.

Cite This Study

Negreiros et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aabb69c5f706d05830e52fd https://doi.org/10.3390/su18189458

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September 17, 2026SustainabilityOpen Access

Indicators and Open Data for Smart Cities: A Comprehensive Study Across Brazilian Municipalities

View Full Paper

Ask AI

Bookmark

Authors

INIara Negreiros HTHarmi Takiya BBBruno Azuma Balzano

Discussion

Member takes

Overview

Cross-sectional spatial analysis uncovers sharp regional disparities in smart city metrics across municipalities, highlighting significant open-data infrastructure gaps.

Key Points

To assess the availability of ISO 3712x standard indicators using open government data and evaluate spatial patterns of municipal smartness and sustainability.
Analyzed open government data across all 5,570 Brazilian municipalities against ISO 37120, 37122, 37123, and 37125 standards.
Developed a synthetic smart and sustainable cities index using Factor Analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
Applied Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) to detect spatial clustering patterns in municipal performance.
Only 22 of 302 ISO 3712x indicators (7.3%) possessed complete national coverage across all 5,570 municipalities, with 59 indicators available from open sources with data gaps.
LISA spatial analysis detected strong regional polarization, with high-performance clusters concentrated in the Southeast and South-Central regions and low-performance clusters spanning the North and Northeast.

Cite This Study

Negreiros et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6aabb69c5f706d05830e52fd https://doi.org/10.3390/su18189458

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