A Review of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Amd)

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a progressive retinal disorder and a major cause of vision loss among individuals over 50 years of age. The disease primarily affects the macula, resulting in gradual impairment of central vision. AMD is generally classified into two forms: dry (non-neovascular) and wet (neovascular). Dry AMD is more common and involves the accumulation of drusen along with degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors. In contrast, wet AMD is characterized by abnormal choroidal neovascularization, which can lead to rapid and severe vision loss due to leakage of blood and fluid. Several factors such as aging, smoking, hypertension, genetic susceptibility, and dietary habits contribute to disease development. Diagnosis is supported by clinical evaluation and imaging techniques including fundus examination, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein angiography. Although there is no definitive cure for dry AMD, disease progression may be slowed through antioxidant supplementation based on the AREDS and AREDS2 formulations. Wet AMD is mainly treated with intravitreal anti-VEGF agents such as ranibizumab, bevacizumab, and aflibercept. Early detection and appropriate management are essential to prevent severe visual impairment and improve patient outcomes.