Recent Advances in Buccal Drug Delivery Systems for Hypertension: Focus on Polymeric Nanoparticles and Mucoadhesive Films

Atenolol, a widely used β1-selective antihypertensive drug, exhibits limited oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolismF and a short biological half-life, leading to frequent dosing and reduced patient compliance. To overcome these limitations, novel drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles incorporated into mucoadhesive buccal films have gained significant attention. This review focuses on the development and potential of nanoparticle-loaded buccal films for the effective delivery of atenolol. Polymeric nanoparticles, prepared using biodegradable polymers like PLGA and chitosan, enhance drug stability and enable controlled release. These nanoparticles are further embedded into mucoadhesive buccal films formulated with polymers such as HPMC and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, allowing prolonged residence time and improved mucosal adhesion. Buccal delivery offers a distinct advantage by bypassing hepatic first-pass metabolism, thereby improving systemic bioavailability. The combination of nanoparticle technology with buccal film systems provides a dual-controlled release mechanism, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing dosing frequency. Overall, this approach represents a promising and patient-friendly alternative for atenolol delivery, with potential applications in improving cardiovascular therapy outcomes.