What question did this study set out to answer?

The central aim is to evaluate spatial equity in Porto's public transport system by integrating social vulnerability with travel activity.

Transport disadvantage and accessibility gaps: Addressing equity in Porto’s metropolitan public transport system

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Reveals disparities in public transport access among disadvantaged groups, highlighting the need for equitable service delivery.

The central aim is to evaluate spatial equity in Porto's public transport system by integrating social vulnerability with travel activity.
Developed a composite transport needs index using origin-destination data and demographic factors.
Applied gravity models to measure public transport accessibility at rail and bus stations.
Weighted analysis variables via principal component analysis to represent demographics, social class, and travel demand.
Identified inequities in public transport access across census tracts, highlighting service distribution disparities.
Quantified disparities in transport service access in relation to identified transport needs.
Provided a data-driven methodology to inform planning for future public transport services.

Shafiq et al. (2026) studied this question.

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