Neurophysiological and Cognitive Effects of Transcendental Meditation: Evidence from EEG Biomarkers and Reaction Time

Background Transcendental meditation (TM) is broadly trained mind-body intervention for its prospective benefits on physical and mental health. However, evidence exploring its effects on brain connectivity and cognitive performance remains inadequate. Purpose This research aimed to evaluate the influence of TM on EEG functional connectivity and audiovisual reaction time in healthy adults. Methods This prospective single group study was undertaken after institutional ethical approval among 34 healthy adults aged between 25-50 years who completed a 12-week transcendental meditation intervention (20 minutes/day, 5 days/week). Physiological parameters including pulse rate and blood pressure were recorded using standardized protocols. Neurophysiological assessment was performed using a 32-channel EEG system and functional connectivity was analysed using Weighted Phase Lag Index (WPLI). Cognitive performance was assessed by audio-visual reaction time. Pre-post-intervention differences were analysed using paired t-test and effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d . Results TM practice significantly reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure, along with significant reduction in pulse rate with a small effect size (p = 0.021, d = 0.29). EEG analysis showed increased functional connectivity across fronto-central and occipital regions. Visual and auditory reaction times improved significantly, with the largest effect observed in auditory reaction time. Conclusion TM enhances cardiovascular regulation, brain connectivity and cognitive processing speed, reflecting improved neural efficiency and autonomic balance. It may serve as a simple, non-pharmacological approach for improving cognitive performance and well-being.