Wavelet-domain multiway spectral separation of free drug, DNA, and drug–DNA complex profiles for quantitative binding analysis based on fractional occupancy ( θ )

), underscoring the limitations of single-wavelength linearization in overlapped systems. The proposed wavelet-PARAFAC framework provides a robust, assumption-free strategy for resolving highly overlapped UV spectra and for quantitative drug-DNA binding analysis directly from UV spectroscopic data.