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July 3, 2026Proceedings of the ACM on software engineering.Open Access

Fairness Testing of Large Language Models in Role-Playing

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Authors

XLXinyue LiZCZhenpeng ChenJZJie M. Zhang

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Overview

Empirical study evaluates bias in large language models during role-playing, highlighting prevalent discrepancies.

Key Points

  • The study aims to investigate the extent of social biases present in large language models during role-playing scenarios.
  • Conducted an empirical study on 10 large language models (LLMs) using 33,000 role-specific questions.
  • Generated questions targeting 11 demographic attributes to assess biases.
  • Utilized rule-based and LLM-based strategies for identifying biased responses, validated through human evaluation.
  • Identified 107,580 biased responses across the evaluated LLMs, with individual models producing between 7,579 and 16,963 biased responses.
  • Demonstrated significant prevalence of bias in role-playing contexts.
  • Publicly released dataset and evaluation scripts for future research.

Cite This Study

Li et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a4750705c29257aa25781ddhttps://doi.org/10.1145/3808106
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