Elevated serum MMP-9 and E-selectin levels in pulmonary tuberculosis: potential diagnostic and pathophysiological roles

Tuberculosis remains a major global health burden, causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of tuberculosis involves complex interactions between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the host immune system, in which matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and E-selectin play critical roles in tissue destruction, inflammation, and immune cell migration. This study aimed to evaluate serum levels of MMP-9 and E-selectin in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The study included 40 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 40 healthy volunteers. Both MMP-9 and E-selectin serum levels were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group. Increased MMP-9 levels may be associated with tissue damage and granuloma formation, whereas elevated E-selectin levels reflect increased inflammatory response and immune cell recruitment in pulmonary tuberculosis. Further large-scale studies are warranted to better elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of these molecules and their potential as therapeutic targets.