The Effects of Exercise During Pregnancy on Maternal and Fetal Health: A Narrative Review

Pregnancy is a multidimensional period characterized by significant physiological, metabolic, and psychological changes in the female body. During this process, lifestyle factors, particularly physical activity, play a critical role in determining both maternal and fetal health outcomes. This review aims to comprehensively examine the role of exercise during pregnancy in terms of maternal physiological adaptation, metabolic health, psychological well-being, labor outcomes, and fetal development, based on current literature. The findings in the literature indicate that regular, moderate-intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of complications such as gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and excessive gestational weight gain. Additionally, exercise has been reported to enhance cardiovascular capacity, support musculoskeletal function, and improve psychological well-being. From an obstetric perspective, exercise may increase the likelihood of vaginal delivery and support postpartum recovery. Moreover, current evidence suggests that appropriately designed exercise programs do not have adverse effects on fetal development and can be considered safe. Overall, exercise during pregnancy appears to provide multidimensional benefits for both maternal and fetal health. However, it is essential that exercise programs are tailored according to individual characteristics and pregnancy conditions. In this context, prenatal exercise can be regarded as a safe and effective component of a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy.