An analytic model for a total process of gravitational collapse: from star to Schwarzschild black hole

Abstract We present an exact analytical model describing a complete gravitational collapse of matter from horizonless initial conditions to black hole formation, tracing the full evolution of the horizon H (t) from its formation at microscopic scales to macroscopic stabilization. The solution reveals two main stages: (i) a dynamical horizon growth, where an apparent horizon H (t) emerges at a critical time tb t b until reaching its final size h=2M h = 2 M, demonstrating how trapped surfaces form dynamically in finite time, and (ii) a naked-singularity resolution, where an integrable Ricci curvature singularity (R^ _ r^-2 R μ ν ∼ r - 2) develops at r=0 r = 0, but remains causally hidden by the horizon growth, preserving weak cosmic censorship without exotic matter. The model could offer a framework to study the quantum-to-classical transition (H (t) Planck H (t) ∼ ℓ Planck).