Mitigate product obsolescence by design: exploratory review of adaptability, upgradability and flexibility

Increasing e-waste demands design approaches beyond repair and recycling. This study explores adaptability, upgradability, and flexibility, as proposed to mitigate product obsolescence. Processes and guidelines are examined from legislative, academic, and industrial perspectives, complemented by a workshop (n=16). Applications show potential yet remain scarce and uncover rebound effects. A common framework for adaptable design is suggested. Future research is recommended to evaluate it, expand guidelines empirically and address barriers like consumer perceptions and business model challenges.