Immobilization of Ytterbium via Polyphenol Chemistry on Implant Materials for Enhanced Cytocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties

(disrupting bacterial membrane integrity) and TA (inhibiting bacterial metabolism). Critically, the coatings maintain excellent cytocompatibility with L929 mouse fibroblasts, with cell viability exceeding 80% even after 7 days of coculture, meeting ISO 10993-5 noncytotoxicity standards. This facile, scalable strategy overcomes the limitations of single-substrate dependence and uncontrolled metal ion release in conventional coatings, offering a versatile platform to engineer multifunctional surfaces for implantable devices, catheters, and medical textiles.