Risk factors and clinical outcomes of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective study of 551 cases

BACKGROUND: Oral mucositis (OM) is a common complication in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study aimed to analyze OM characteristics, risk factors, and preventive strategies. METHODS: Medical records of 551 patients undergoing HSCT from June 2019 to June 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. OM incidence, clinical features, and associated risk factors were analyzed. RESULTS: 128 patients (23.2%) developed OM, peaking 7 days after stem cell infusion. Autologous transplantation reduced OM risk by 84.5%, while periodontitis and prior oral symptoms during chemotherapy increased risk by 111.4% and 140.7%, respectively. OM was associated with longer hospitalization and more febrile days. Symptoms were managed effectively with mouthwash, antibiotics, and ultraviolet therapy. CONCLUSIONS: OM is common in HSCT patients and can be effectively controlled. Allogeneic transplantation, pre-existing oral conditions, and periodontitis increase OM risk, highlighting the importance of pre-transplant oral care.