Zero trust architecture for internet of things devices and next-generation networks: tools, trends, and challenges

The expansion of connected systems and the increasing structural complexity of modern networking infrastructures introduce significant challenges to digital security. Limitations of traditional perimeter-based security models, together with the growing exposure of resource-constrained devices, further complicate the protection of data and services. This paper examines zero trust architecture (ZTA) as a security paradigm that enforces continuous authentication, microsegmentation, and context-aware access control across heterogeneous network environments. The study combines a conceptual analysis of ZTA principles with a detailed examination of its core architectural components. Furthermore, it critically assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with ZTA adoption in next-generation networks. Representative use cases from enterprise and federated networking environments are presented to support the discussion.