Prenatal diagnosis of cranioectodermal dysplasia: a case report and review of the literature

Cranioectodermal dysplasia (CED) (OMIM #218330) is an autosomal recessive multisystemic disorder. While many studies have diagnosed this condition postnatally, few cases have been identified during the prenatal period. This study aimed to investigate genetic mutations in a Han Chinese fetus and conduct a literature review, integrating ultrasonographic findings with molecular analysis to expand the genotype–phenotype spectrum of this ciliopathy. A 22-year-old Han Chinese woman conceived naturally. Prenatal ultrasound revealed multiple fetal congenital anomalies, including limb shortening, generalized fetal edema, cystic hygroma, and bilateral echogenic kidneys. Whole-exome sequencing revealed two bi-parental inherited compound heterozygous variants in WDR35: [c.1600C > T (p.Arg534Cys)] and [c.2375_2383del (p.Asn792_ Ala794del)]. The couple ultimately opted to terminate the pregnancy. The WDR35 mutations are associated with CED and exhibit a complex prenatal phenotype. Comprehensive prenatal ultrasound, whole-exome sequencing, and multidisciplinary genetic counseling are essential for accurate diagnosis and informed reproductive counseling.