Comparative study demonstrates potential runoff improvements in sponge city projects for Izmir and Xiamen.
This research presents a Geographic Information System-based Construction Management Framework (GIS-CMF) for sponge city infrastructure under ecological and spatial constraints, applied comparatively to İzmir (Türkiye) and Xiamen (China). United States Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model Software (EPA SWMM 5.2.4) simulations (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency-NSE = 0.71–0.78) project a model-suggested potential improvement in the range of 15–25 percentage points in Annual Runoff Volume Capture Ratio for three İzmir pilot catchments, subject to field validation. Spatial autocorrelation analysis confirms statistically significant impermeable surface clusters. Institutional comparison through learning curve and barrier analysis explains implementation velocity differences without direct statistical equivalence claims. Eight transferable GIS-CMF principles are derived for construction project managers across contrasting institutional and geographical contexts.
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Zhu et al. (2026) studied this question.
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