Proteomics‐Based Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Levels Are Associated With Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in the General Population: Insights From the UK Biobank

Figures

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  Figure 1. Associations between proteomics‐based suPAR and hs‐CRP levels and the risk of MACEs: restricted cubic spline analysis. The association between major adverse cardiovascular events and proteomics‐based suPAR (A) and hs‐CRP levels (B) is shown using restricted cubic spline analysis. Solid lines represent the estimated hazard ratio, and shaded areas indicate 95% CIs. Models were fully adjusted for age, sex, race, history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, use of blood pressure– or cholesterol‐lowering medications, the rs4760 variant, and population structure using the top 10 principal components derived from the full genomic data set. The suPAR model excluded hs‐CRP, and the hs‐CRP model excluded proteomics‐based suPAR. P for nonlinearity <0.001 for proteomics‐based suPAR and P=0.063 for hs‐CRP. hs‐CRP indicates high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; and suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.

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  Figure 2. Cumulative risk for MACEs (A), cardiovascular mortality (B), and all‐cause mortality (C) by proteomics‐based suPAR level quartiles. Cumulative incidence curves are shown for each quartile of proteomics‐based suPAR levels. The red line corresponds to Q4 (highest suPAR), the purple line to Q3, the blue line to Q2, and the green line to Q1 (lowest suPAR). MACE indicates major adverse cardiovascular events; Q, quartile; and suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.

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  Figure 3. Cumulative risk for MACEs (A), cardiovascular mortality (B), and all‐cause mortality (C) by proteomics‐based suPAR level status (greater than or less than the median) and hs‐CRP status (greater than or less than the median). Cumulative incidence curves are shown for 4 groups defined by proteomics‐based suPAR and hs‐CRP levels relative to their cohort‐specific medians. The red line represents participants with elevated suPAR and elevated hs‐CRP (both greater than or equal to the median); the purple line represents those with elevated suPAR but low hs‐CRP (suPAR greater than or equal to the median, hs‐CRP less than the median); the blue line represents those with low suPAR but elevated hs‐CRP (suPAR less than the median, hs‐CRP greater than or equal to the median); and the green line represents participants with low levels of both biomarkers (both less than the median). CRP indicates C‐reactive protein; hs‐CRP, high‐sensitivity CRP; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular event; and suPAR, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor.