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The concept of blue bioeconomy for producing a wide range of economically valuable products is being widely explored, with emphasis on environmental impacts and process sustainability. Microalgae represent a promising sustainable feedstock for self-sustaining bioeconomy systems. However, commercialization challenges remain, underscoring the need for closed-loop biorefineries with optimized integration of unit operations and process intensification. Life cycle optimization can further improve resource recovery efficiency and overall sustainability. This review discusses biomass valorization in closed-loop systems for producing biofuels, food products, nutraceuticals, biopolymers, bioplastics, and bulk chemicals, as well as applications in removing emerging contaminants. The review critically analyze the integrated perspective, combining the blue bioeconomy framework with closed-loop microalgal biorefinery design, life cycle optimization, and comprehensive techno-economic and sustainability assessments to provide a holistic roadmap for advancing scalable and environmentally sustainable microalgal bioprocesses.
Kaur et al. (Sat,) studied this question.