Influence of diffractive surface geometry on optical quality and halo formation in sinusoidal trifocal intraocular lenses

This study reports the optical characterization of three non-kinoform (sinusoidal-based) designs of trifocal multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs): Acriva Trinova Pro C (VSY Biotechnology GmbH, Germany), I-Stream Diffrax Trifocal Plus (MD-Tech Srl, Italy), and Intensity SL (Hanita Lenses Ltd, Israel). Diffractive surface profiles were quantitatively reconstructed using a compact lensless digital in-line holography (DIH) system, enabling high-resolution morphological assessment. In vitro optical performance was evaluated with a custom ISO 11979-2:2014–compliant optical bench incorporating automated axial point spread function (PSF) acquisition. All MIOLs exhibited well-defined trifocal behavior at 550 nm with comparable longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) at their principal focal planes. However, the distinct geometric characteristics of the sinusoidal diffractive structures resulted in measurable differences in both the modulation transfer function (MTF) and the halo patterns produced. These findings highlight the influence of diffractive surface geometry in shaping optical quality and photic phenomena, providing relevant insights for personalized MIOL selection.