Evolution of AI and Robotics in Modern Orthodontic Workflows of Direct Appliance 3D Printing from Shape Memory Materials – Scoping Review

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and additive manufacturing are expanding the capabilities of digital orthodontic workflows. This scoping review examines the evolving role of AI and robotics in orthodontics, with particular emphasis on direct 3D and 4D printing of orthodontic appliances from shape memory materials. A systematic search of the Scopus database identified 278 records published between 2020 and 2025, of which 24 studies were included in the review following PRISMA-guided screening. The reviewed literature indicates growing interest in AI-assisted treatment planning, digital workflow optimization, and additive manufacturing approaches that may support personalized fabrication of orthodontic appliances. Shape memory polymers and 4D-printing concepts show potential for controlled, time-dependent force delivery and a reduced need for sequential appliance replacement. However, the current evidence remains predominantly experimental, and broader clinical implementation is limited by insufficient clinical validation, challenges related to material standardization, and unresolved biocompatibility concerns.