Mining-related tree cover loss embodied in EU consumption

Global supply chains for mined materials generate environmental pressures that often occur far from final consumption. To address these distant effects, emerging legal frameworks require companies to exercise due diligence across their supply chains. However, accurately quantifying local mining impacts and tracing them from production to consumption remains challenging. This study analyses global tree cover loss within mine sites from 2001 to 2019, focusing on final demand in the European Union (EU) – a major importer of raw materials and a leading actor in shaping supply chain regulation. Combining satellite imagery with a multi-region input–output framework, we estimate that 1.5 million hectares of global tree cover loss were directly associated with the expansion of mining areas. Of the 1.2 million hectares traceable through supply chains, 12% were associated with EU consumption. Notably, 85% of this EU-related share occurred outside its territorial borders. Although modest compared to other drivers of deforestation, these losses are ecologically significant, as mining expands particularly in vulnerable ecosystems. The results highlight pronounced spatial and commodity-specific variations, offering insights for implementing and refining European due diligence initiatives aimed at more responsible global sourcing.