ABSTRACT Gelled propulsion systems have been recognized as an attractive option for propulsion systems when compared to the liquid and solid options due to their throttleability, restart ability, safe storage, low leakage rate, and high energetic efficiency. The aim of this review is to critically analyze the latest developments in gelled propulsion research regarding gel formation, rheology, green and hypergolic propellants, atomization, combustion, thermal management, modeling, scale‐up, and experimental validation. Specific focus is dedicated to the coupling among rheology, injector dynamics, spray evolution, combustion instability, and the overall propulsion system design. Key challenges in terms of technological barriers are discussed with regard to nonNewtonian atomization, long‐duration thermal management, metallized gel combustion, modeling of multiphysics phenomena, scale‐up, and test methods standardization. Contrary to previous reviews that have been focused on the specific areas like rheology or combustion, this manuscript presents an overview of formulation development along with the injector design, diagnostics, modeling via artificial intelligence, and flight demonstrations. The review concludes that future maturation of gel propulsion depends on integrated optimization of rheology, combustion stability, diagnostics, and system‐level reliability.
A.V. Santhana Babu (Sun,) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: