Factors Influencing the Occurrence and Management of Mandibular Fractures: A Retrospective 5-Year Single-Centre Study

Objectives To analyse epidemiology, fracture patterns, injury mechanisms, and management of mandibular fractures over 5 years at a single department. Materials and Methods Medical records of patients treated for mandibular fractures at a single tertiary department (Jan 2020–Aug 2025) were retrospectively reviewed. Age, sex, cause of injury, fracture site, multiplicity, seasonal distribution, and treatment modality were recorded. Statistical analysis included Chi-square, Z-test, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis test. P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Among 660 patients (478 males, 182 females), 970 fracture lines were identified; 50% had multiple fractures. Condylar fractures were most common ( n = 334), followed by angle ( n = 207), body ( n = 206), and symphysis ( n = 158). Interpersonal violence predominated in men, falls were more frequent in women ( p < 0.0001). Surgical treatment was performed in 456 patients (69%), 204 (31%) received conservative management, mainly those over 60 years ( p < 0.0001) and isolated condylar fractures. Significant summer peak was observed compared to winter ( p < 0.0001). Conclusions Mandibular fractures show sex-specific injury patterns, with interpersonal violence in men and falls in women. Treatment decisions are guided by fracture complexity and patient age, and incidence is higher during summer months.