Review explores TEC monitoring via GNSS to understand ULF wave effects on the ionosphere, highlighting knowledge gaps.
The monitoring of the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) can be a~powerful method to study the interaction of magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves with the ionosphere. During the occurrence of intense geomagnetic waves and transients, distinct pulsations with the same periodicity were found in the TEC data from ground-based GNSS receivers. Combined multi-instrument observations, comprising magnetometers, radars, Doppler sounders, aurora imagers, and GNSS receivers, revealed TEC response to various periodic and transient disturbances in the lower part of ultra-low-frequency (ULF) band (periods~1--10~min): toroidal and poloidal Pc4--5 Alfvén waves, compressional mode oscillations, storm sudden commencements (SSCs), and travelling convection vortices (TCVs). However, the effect of TEC modulation by ULF waves is not well examined and a~responsible mechanism has not been firmly identified.
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Pilipenko et al. (2026) studied this question.
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