Integrating Circular Economy into the Upstream Beverage Supply Chain: A Multi-Theoretic Conceptual Framework of Collaborative Mechanisms

This study investigates the integration of Circular Economy (CE) principles within the upstream beverage supply chain in Thailand, contextualized against a widening global circularity gap where macro rates have declined to 6.9% compared to 12.2% in the European Union. Moving beyond a general focus on underexplored stakeholders, this qualitative exploratory design examines the critical role of informal governance mechanisms in emerging markets. The research is grounded in a multi-theoretic framework integrating the Resource-Based View (RBV), Social Exchange Theory (SET), and Resource Dependence Theory (RDT). Thematic analysis was conducted on in-depth interviews with 23 key informants covering 18 core supply chain activities. The analytical results generated a three-tier hierarchical framework, culminating in a single overarching selective theme: Collaborative Upstream Resource Recirculation for Systemic Resilience. The findings reveal that circular supply chain performance is driven by the dynamic interplay between relational governance and internal resource capabilities, explicitly demonstrated by grassroots tactical innovations such as modifying production boilers to run on 100% biomass fuel. Relational trust and culturally embedded mechanisms (e.g., Sanya Jai) function as vital substitutes for formal institutional frameworks, enabling Supply Chain Collaboration (SCC) to drive adaptive practices and achieve system-level circular resilience.