Guiding of Cell Migration over Sloped Steps Using TiOx Arrowhead Patterns

Cell migration is a fundamental biological process regulated by interactions between cells and extracellular matrix. Although topographical cues are known to influence cell behaviors, directional migration across three-dimensional (3D) sloped steps remains poorly understood. Here, 3D sloped steps with patterned TiOx surfaces were fabricated to investigate topography-guided cell migration in complex 3D microenvironments. The ultrathin TiOx layers were patterned along the bottom, sidewall, and top regions of the steps, providing continuous guidance during cell migration up or down the steps. MC3T3-E1 cells were confined to the patterned regions and exhibited contact-guided migration along the asymmetrical arrowhead patterns. Forward and reverse arrowheads were introduced to evaluate the effect of geometrical asymmetry on cell migration directionality. Forward arrowheads preferentially guided cells from the bottom to the top of steps, whereas reverse arrowheads promoted migration down the steps, demonstrating reversible control of cell migration direction through arrowhead orientation. Analysis of cell morphology revealed that ultrathin TiOx topographies influenced lamellipodia orientation and cell adhesion, providing mechanistic insights into geometry-mediated control of cell migration direction. These findings demonstrate that guiding pattern asymmetry can be used to regulate the speed and directionality of cell migration across sloped steps, which can be applied to control cell migration behaviors on engineered 3D platforms.