Stepwise Optimization of Antisolvent Dripping and Annealing Times for High-Efficiency Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

The crystallization quality of a perovskite active layer is highly sensitive to processing conditions and plays a decisive role in determining the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we systematically investigate the synergistic effects of the antisolvent dripping time and annealing time on the active layer crystallization and device performance. By optimizing the chlorobenzene (CB) dripping time during spin coating, we find that the film prepared at 19 s exhibits the most compact and uniform morphology, together with enhanced crystallinity. On this basis, further optimization of post-annealing at 100 °C reveals that 30 min is most favorable for promoting grain growth and minimizing defect formation. As a result, the optimized device delivers a champion PCE of 24.43%, with a short-circuit density (Jsc) of 25.69 mA cm−2, a Voc of 1.14 V, and an FF of 83.20%. This work highlights the critical role of process-window engineering in governing perovskite crystallization and provides an effective route toward high-efficiency PSCs.