Heterogeneous cross-domain networks are plagued by fragmented trust, data silos, and privacy risks, while conventional single-chain architectures fail to reconcile cross-chain interoperability, regulatory compliance, and commercial privacy. To address these limitations, we present an Entity–Data–Asset triple-verification architecture that integrates three key components: Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) for identity, Verifiable Credentials (VCs) for credentials, and Oracles for cross-chain coordination. Specifically, this architecture enables trustworthy collaboration through three core mechanisms: (1) a cross-chain identity binding mechanism based on DIDs that replaces traditional address binding to construct an “identity-as-access” trust model; (2) a collaborative verification paradigm leveraging VCs and Verifiable Presentations (VPs) to cryptographically link off-chain verification with on-chain execution; and (3) an event-driven Oracle coordination matrix designed for complex business semantics, supporting automated and privacy-preserving state synchronization across asymmetric domains. Experimental evaluation of a prototype integrating Hyperledger Indy and Besu demonstrates a peak Verifiable Presentation batch verification throughput of 0.96 batches/s at C=20, though throughput degrades noticeably under high concurrency due to middleware contention, and an average cross-chain transfer latency of 13.31 s under single-process conditions (mean over 10 iterations). Furthermore, by leveraging this asymmetric design, our architectural optimization strategy—anchoring only cryptographic hashes rather than full credential payloads—reduces the regulatory chain’s storage and gas overhead by approximately 85% compared to traditional full-payload schemes. These results validate the architecture’s feasibility, security, and cost-efficiency for facilitating trustworthy collaboration in complex, heterogeneous ecosystems.
Zhou et al. (2026) studied this question.